Companies engage in CSR because, for a number of reasons, they think Essay

Companies engage in CSR because, for a number of reasons, they think it will be good for their profit margins Critically d - Essay Example A multitude of definition of CSR exist, and the range of views on the proper scope and extent of a firm’s social responsibilities, as well. Whether CSR is about companies giving charities, taking care of the environment, being sympathetic to workers or assisting their communities with expectations of financial gains remain a controversial subject (Bacher, 2007, p 12) The right definition of corporate social responsibility becomes more difficult when real business examples are taken into consideration. For instance, was Google acting in a publicly accountable manner when it put up with the Chinese law by sieving the content found through its google .cn search engine? Was UBS Bank acting socially responsible by opting to spend investors’ money to willingly reduce its carbon emission to attend to global warming when there is no legal duty to so. Does Heineken beer firm offer costly HIV/AIDS medication to its African workers and their beneficiaries if this is not anticipate d to bring financial gain to the company? In order to address these questions, it is essential to examine why firms go beyond the bottom line in an attempt to defend their CSR (Adams & Zutshi, 2004, p 32). A possible definition of CSR holds that the idea of social responsibilities presumes that the company has not only economic and lawful obligations, but also definite duties to the community, which go beyond these duties. Another explanation states that social responsibility is the duty of decision makers to take actions that guard and enhance the wellbeing of society as a whole along with their own interests. CSR is also taken to mean the continuing commitment by businesses to act ethically and contribute to economic development whilst enhancing the quality of life of the employees and their relations, the local community and the wider society, as well. Several elements found in various definitions suggest that corporations have duties that go beyond their bottom line (that, is, p roduction of goods and services at a gain). These duties entail helping unravel significant social problems, which the business itself has helped create (Adams, 2008, p 366). Companies have a wider constituency than shareholders only. Organizations serve a broader assortment of human values than can be captured by a sole focus on economic values. Narrower points of view on CSR hold that businesses have two main responsibilities. One is to abide by the elementary canons of each day face to face civility and to seek material gain. The second duty is the fiduciary obligation to investors (owners) is the bedrock of capitalism, and free enterprise will dry up without it. As such, definitions of CSR fall under two broad schools of thought: those with the view that business is mandated only to make profits within the boundaries of minimal ethical and legal compliance. The other school of thought holds that CSR entails broader responsibilities. Numerous factors and influences have resulted in mounting attention being devoted to the role of businesses and corporate social responsibility. They comprise of sustainable development, globalization, corporate sector impact, governance, finance, communications, ethics, leadership, business tool and consistency

John Stuart Mill Essay Example for Free

John Stuart Mill Essay In this essay I will discuss Utilitarianism by first explaining how Utilitarians are consequentialists who base their actions on the pleasure of pain of their consequences. Secondly, Jeremy Bentham will be discussed as the propagator of the Principle of Utility which determines human self-interest and voluntary action to achieve the greatest good or greatest pleasure. Thirdly, I will discuss John Stuart Mills and his more complex version of Utilitarianism. To clarify the Utilitarian theory I will illustrate and assess different examples of complex situations, simultaneously doing a critique on the theory, in order to conclude the relevance of Utilitarianism in society. (101) Consequentialism looks at the desirability and undesirability of consequences; meaning people base their actions on what is right and wrong by the virtue of the outcome. The Principle of Utility was derived by Jeremy Bentham and originated from psychological hedonism. Psychological hedonism is a form of psychological egoism that describes the human motive and desire to experience pleasure and avoid pain. The Principle of Utility is therefore described as the determination of right and wrong actions with right actions producing the greatest happiness or greatest good for the greatest number of people, while wrong actions produce unhappiness and pain. Thus, Utilitarians can be seen as Consequentialists because their actions are governed by consequences which can either result in pleasure or pain. Jeremy Bentham derived the Principle of Utility and viewed this principle as the foundation of all ethics. Bentham searched for what had the ultimate intrinsic value. For something to be of intrinsic value it must be desirable in itself, for example, health. People do not want good health for any other reason than to be healthy. There are many things that can be seen to have intrinsic value, such as knowledge, success, or God’s Will. However, Bentham wanted to identify the intrinsic value that everyone, religious or not, could agree on. He therefore decided that pleasure was the only thing with the ultimate intrinsic value as it allows an objective approach to morality. As mentioned previously, hedonism involves seeking pleasure of both the body and mind. The best actions result in maximized pleasure, but this raised the question of which pleasures are relevant. Therefore Bentham used hedonic calculus, consisting of 7 criteria, to calculate the ranking of different pleasures. These criteria could then be applied to evaluate even complex moral dilemmas. John Stuart Mill was greatly influenced by Bentham. Mill formed a more complex form of Utilitarianism by reconciling Bentham’s theory with complex issues that were not included in the original theory. Even though he critiques Bentham, Mill still used the basic framework of Bentham’s theory. Mill defines happiness as pleasure and the absence of pain, â€Å"actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness, wrong as they tend to promote the reverse of happiness. However, he argues that pleasure can differ in quality and quantity. Higher pleasure; such as intellectual, social and creative pursuits (which are more plentiful); are rated higher than baser pleasures, such as bodily pleasures. Furthermore, Mill argues that achieving goals also contribute to happiness. He promotes human dignity. He places focus on the â€Å"Golden Rule† for example â€Å"to love your neighbor as yourself†. He is therefore more concerned about altruism than self interest as in Bentham’s case. And ultimately he views justice as based on utility and the need for human rights exists because they contribute to human happiness. (476) [max 400] Examples + Critique There are positive as well as negative aspects to Utilitarianism. Utilitarianism provides answers and reasons for people to be moral. Despite society having many conflicting moral views and beliefs it is commonly agreed that pleasure is good and pleasure is bad It provides a basic platform for making ethical decisions and also results in objective fairness which contributes to social harmony. It makes use of common sense and is widely practiced and this may result in socially beneficial changes. Utilitarianism is flexible and sensitive to certain circumstances even if there are different views on what is right and wrong in complex situations. Abortions can be used to illustrate the vast variety of views on a certain subject. Some people may be for abortion and some against. Either view has very different consequences for the action they take. Both views may contribute to the greater good depending on the individual. [elaborate ] There are however some negative aspects. Some may view Bentham’s theory as too uncivilized and it is uncertain how Mill can consider one pleasure more important than another. If pleasure is the only criterion it takes us back to Bentham’s theory and this is an example of circular reasoning. Utilitarianism aims to achieve the greatest amount of happiness but also to create happiness of greatest number. Therefore which do you choose: 4 completely happy people and 6 unhappy people, or 10 mildly happy people? This represents the incoherence of the Principle of Utility. Also, can slavery be justified if the benefit to society is greater than the misfortune of the slaves? Is the total happiness of society thus greater than the unhappiness of the slaves? If we also look at an example of where there are two people dying in need of a kidney: a family member and a scientist on the verge of making a cure for cancer, who will you donate your kidney to? Will you abide to your obligation to your family, or will you abide to the greater good of society? (336) [max 300: 150+150] Conclusion: By discussing how Bentham and Mill created the Principle of Utility we have discovered that Utilitarianism aims to satisfy the greater good and greater happiness of society, while avoiding pain and unhappiness. Utilitarians make their decisions depending of their consequences. Even though Utilitarianism does create a foundation for dealing with ethical issues and provides reason for people to be moral, it does not provide enough compensation for individual rights. Also, not everything can be evaluated by the same standard and happiness in itself is more complex than the theory makes provision for. Therefore, Utilitarianism does not fit into modern day society as people are more focused on self-interest and human rights are hugely important. (114).

Revenge and Vengeance in Shakespeares Hamlet - Revenge or Scruples? :: Shakespeare Hamlet Essays

Hamlet: Revenge or Scruples? â€Å"'Vengeance is mine,' sayith the Lord†. What does this mean? I believe what the Christians meant it to mean is that we, as humans, have no right to seek revenge, that only â€Å"the Lord† has the right to decide when to take revenge. We say this, but do we follow it? No, I think not. We all try to take revenge into our own hands, in one form or another. Revenge is one strong theme that holds throughout â€Å"Hamlet†. We see Prince Hamlet try to execute a kind of private vengeance, an eye for an eye, which is completely opposite of the Christian teachings. Hamlet is a man who believes in heaven and hell and who feels that a man who challenges divine ordinance will ultimately face judgment. We might look at the ghost of the late king Hamlet as the part of us that wants to take vengeance into our own minds. Like the little voice in our heads that tells us to do something, when in our hearts we know it is wrong. When Horatio, Barnardo, and Marcellus tell Hamlet of their sighting of the ghost, Hamlet agrees to join them that night and see if he can observe the ghost firsthand and possibly speak with it. That night when Horatio, Marcellus, and Hamlet sight the ghost, it beckons Hamlet to leave the other two and speak to it in privacy. Hamlet follows, despite the protests of the others, who fear it may be an evil spirit, disguising as King Hamlet in order to gain their trust. Horatio suggests that it may lead him astray and then "assume some other horrible form / Which might deprive your sovereignty of reason / And draw you into madness..." (I, iv, 80-82). Hamlet insists on listening to the message of the ghost. Although he does not state it, perhaps Hamlet subconsciously considers that Horatio is right, that the ghost is indeed a false messenger sent to trouble him. Hamlet does not kill Claudius immediately following his encounter with the ghost because he is unsure of the ghost's accusations of Claudius and does not want to murder him without proper motive. Hamlet would suffer in the eyes of the people if he were to murder Claudius, the reigning king, and claim his motive was the words of a ghost. Hamlet already disapproves of Claudius due to his marriage to Hamlet's mother, Gertrude, so soon after the death of her first husband, King Hamlet. Prince Hamlet feels that the widow did not sufficiently mourn and that the marriage is incestuous due to the relation between the late

Vernon God Little

Explore how DBC Pierre displays his ideas to shock the audience in Vernon God Little. Vernon God Little, written by DBC Pierre, is a satirical novel based around a massacre at a high school in Texas in which some of the students got possession of a gun and murdered some of their teachers and fellow students. The novel is about a boy called Vernon who is best friends with the main killer, Jesus. Vernon is framed as an accessory to murder and the story line follows the down fall of his life.There are lots of features of the novel that come across as very shocking to the readers. For example in chapter seven, when Vernon visit’s a psychiatrist; Dr Goosens, he puts full trust into him, because he has a well-known profession. The psychiatrist goes on to violate Vernon which, in a way, makes Vernon loose all trust in everyone, because if he doesn’t feel safe around a doctor, he doesn’t know if he will feel safe around anyone. Especially when almost everyone he used to trust has turned against him to try and frame him as an accessory to murder.The passage in chapter seven uses grotesque imagery; â€Å"His breathing quickens with the march of his fingers, they trace a tightening circle around the rim of my hole. † and â€Å"a cool finger invades me†. This shocks the readers because it is disturbing and because Dr Goosens is a doctor and is in a position of trust and is not expected to break this trust. DBC Pierre does this because the novel is satirical and he tries to inform the audience that people are not everything they seem and you ‘can’t read a book by it’s cover‘. A shocking character in Vernon God Little is the journalist, Lally Ledesma.We begin to see Lally’s true colours as we progress through the novel as he becomes almost unbearable. At the beginning of the book, Lally is first presented when he is trying to interview Vernon on the massacre. Throughout the novel, he does many shocking thing s. For example, he uses Vernon’s mum and builds a relationship with her, just so he can get on the inside of Vernon’s life and get a good story on him for the newspapers. Vernon knows that this is what Lally wants, but his mum won’t believe him because she’s in love with Lally. 1.Ella Bouchard – chapter 13, Vernon uses her as a prostitute. 2. Taylor – Uses Vernon and sets him up so she can get money 3. Mum – doesn’t care about anything important, just the look, fridges and her friends 4. Shock is to build up the satirical effect, and takes the mic out of america 5. Everyone wants to meet the american dream, 6. At the end, say if you think it is too shocking or not, and why you think DBC Pierre wrote it like this. 3. Vernon’s mum has her heart set on reaching the American dream, the dream that everyone is equal, and everyone has a good job, nice house and big happy family.She doesn’t want to know about what is happ ening to Vernon and she is very blase towards it, because all she cares about is what she and her family looks like to her friends and the public. This is shocking to the audience of Vernon God Little because it’s not something they’d expect to happen. The audience would expect Vernon’s mum to be worried about her son and trying everything in her power to get him out of jail and out of being taken to court, but instead she is in bed with Lally Ledesma, who is using her, and worrying about what fridge to buy to impress her friends. 6.Overall, I think that Vernon God Little is very shocking. DBC Pierre wrote Vernon God Little in shocking ways for a very important reason. He wanted the audience to realize that everything is not as it seems and society can be out of order at times. He also wanted them to think about if they were following the ‘American dream’ or whether it’s all a big lie and there’s no such thing. The novel might come acr oss as unbearably shocking, but that is one feature of a satirical novel. The shock helps to reflect the fact that it is just a big joke and is trying to make a joke of American society.

College Life vs My Moral Code

At the time of this read, 1997, Elisha Dov Hack was a Yale university freshman who based his upcoming dormitory lifestyle off of what he had heard from his older brother. Hack’s objection was that in previous years, there was a policy in motion that granted students the ability to live at home rather than the dorms. Yet when Hack come of age to attend the University there had been a revision to the policy. The change required first and second year students to reside on campus, regardless of their family’s geographical location. This generated a systematic problem with coeducation residency and Hack’s Jewish faith. Every day, for the remainder of their life, students will be faced with decisions that can challenge their upbringing. Regardless of a student’s faith, they are adults capable of making their own decisions, but colleges should be able to offer some flexibility to students who honestly seek separation due to moral concerns. Hack expresses a concern with current tolerances based on aged patriarch. Back then they â€Å"were subject to expulsion† if the student permitted the opposite sex as a guest. This moral conflict has since subsided of those in yesteryears. Although Hack and four of his Jewish colleagues were not attempting to impose their beliefs on others, they felt it was necessary to be the exception to the newly established rule, due to their â€Å"moral standards. † Unless Yale waived residency requirements, the students are unable to exercise their constitutional rights, this is a violation a of law. To persuade Yale’s secular acceptance, Hack felt it was necessary to point out posters advertising safe sex, articles influencing premarital intercourse, and alternative persuasions that detour from abstinence. He demands an answer as to why such an elite group, such as Yale, fails to stand behind their open-minded proclamation. Yet hypocritical standards make it difficult for students who demand devout structure. Yale still prides themselves on â€Å"no parental rules,† the contradictory concept of sexual mortality being in the hands of the student encourages detrimental peer pressure. Even separating genders by floor has unfavorable outcomes, since temptations and ease of access permits visiting opposing sexes to wander through during inappropriate times. Even though the students are adults, they feel violated, since they are forced to surround with other students participating in sinful acts. It is evident that Yale attempts to speak their own language by selling themselves to new students with glamorous advertisement, proclaiming respect and historical retention. This academic institution lacks hindsight that it is an educational environment, while education is not just taught, it is learned by example, just as students learn from their parents by watching. Do students come to class and begin intercourse during instruction? Based on years of intense religious teachings, each individual is subject to a moral message portrayed by each Yale resident, which is not accepted by the Jewish faith. Students with stringent oppositions towards combined gender housing should be given the opportunity to exercise their faith or seek other alternatives. Rather than seeking out â€Å"Yale attention,† Yale needs to focus on what they are teaching the students via peer pressure.

Centra Software Essays

Centra Software Essays Centra Software Paper Centra Software Paper Eureka Centra Software Catalogue ? ? ? BACKGROUND ANALYSIS ALTERNATIVE PLANS ? COMMENTS ? PLAN IMPLEMENTATION ? Background Centra is a pioneer in software eLearning in the fast-growth market. However it faces the threat from WebEx, who sells exclusively over the phone. Now, It is debating how to modify its go-to-market strategy and how to add telesales to improve sales force productivity. Should Centra concentrate on the enterprise customer and exclude small and mid-size corporations ? OR Should Centra ‘fish where the fish are biting’ ? ANALYSIS The market for Corporate eLearning and eMeeting the market for eLearning and eMeeting 11 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 1. 1 1999? 2004? The number of Delivery Platforms Vendors the number of Delivery platforms vendors The one that wins the broadest installed customer base in the least time, 20 20 15 10 5 0 3 survive! ANALYSIS (Continued) Competitors The competition among 20 vendors is very fierce. Comparison between thr ee typical companies is as follows. revenue($000) sales spending 25000 51000 revenue per customer($000) technology sales process ustomers simple telesales 3300 7. 58 WebEx field sales, telesales and enterprise sales sophisticated 23000 4673 440 52. 27 Centra enterprise sales; single-source vendors sophisticated 2200 20 110. 00 Lotus Not available ANALYSIS (Continued) technology Positioning sophisticated simple revenue per customer ANALYSIS (Continued) Straightforward strategy Market leader in sophisticated end Products from simple to sophisticated RD capability Rapid growth markets Merger waves The friction between telesales and field sales Bad financial situation Penetration rather than dissemination Limited experience in enterprise deal Success of new competitor, WebEx Compared with LMS vendors, lack the support from SIs. ? Alternative Plans A Target customers: All types of customers Part of telesales integrated with field sales being responsible for Global 2000;other telesales responsible for non-Global 2000 customers. B Target customers: Global 2000 Telesales responsible for EMeeting and Conference; Field sales responsible for Symposium. C Target customers: Global 2000 Telesales commence Initial contact and try to sell big-ticket products. They would deliver the transaction to field sales when necessary. ? Comment on Plan A Advantages: Economical efficiency; Clear classification of responsibilities; Expansion of telesales to Global 2000 brings better penetration and dissemination. million $ 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 1996 Disadvantages: Decentralization of target market; Reduced chance to become a leader in a particular market segment. Shot gun Sales force are used like Sales SGA expense 1998 2000 a shot gun to cover over a large spectrum of customers. Sales may be satisfactory but leadership of any market segment may be lost thereof. Reducing this cost item is vital for financial improvement of the company. For every million dollar of sales, telesales saves $100,000 compared with field sales. So telesales is a possible solution to this problem. Comment on Plan B Advantages: Concentration on one single market segment; Economic efficiency; Clear classification of responsibilities. Disadvantages: Potential conflicts of interest between telesales and field sales personnel; Possible loss of business opportunities. Automatic pistol 2% Revenue from products 17% 66% 15% Symposium Conference EMeeting Other services Although faced with some loss of small and mid-sized midcustomers, all the sales force can cooperate to help the company achieve the leadership in the mainstream market segment. Telesales people may try to sell EMeeting to customers instead of more profitable Symposium or Conference in the best interest of themselves. It is also a hidden trouble of invasion by competitors when customers ask for multi-functional products. multi- Comment on Plan C Advantages: Elimination of harmful competition between telesales and field sales; Market focusing as Plan B; Both sales teams focus on promotion of big-ticket products. Disadvantages: Unpredictable obstacles in the combination of telesales and field sales. 12% 12% Performance Evaluation Field Sales Enterprise Sales Telesales 76% Predicted Revenue Structure in 2001 The diagram above implies that large corporations on which field sales focus are the most significant source of revenue. As a result, the company should pay more attention to this group of customers. Fluent process In sales process Prioritization of Sales of profitable products Choice of plans In 2001 the eLearning and eMeeting Industries were in their infancy. Most corporations are potential customers. Mutual reference among customers are key to successful high-tech highMarketing. 45. 5% of the company’s customers company’ are Global 2000 with great purchase power while others are not. The critical issue of Centra is to cross the chasm between Early Adopters (Visionaries) and Early (Visionaries) Majority (Pragmatists). Conclusions Marketing is to work the curse above from left to right, winning each Group using â€Å"captured† captured† group as reference for the next. Target on Global Target on Global 2000; 2000; Prioritization Prioritization of the big-ticket of the big-ticket Choice of plans (Continued) Comparison Visionaries (Early Adopters) treat high-tech products as short-cuts to their business objective and it is easy to sell to them; However, the market share of them is not large enough. Visionary divisions and enterprises are what we call Early Adopters here. Pragmatists (Early Majority) value reference from other users of the product and they only choose the market leader to be the provider; They account for the largest present market share because of their loyalty to the product brand and great purchasing power. Other divisions and enterprises beyond Early adopters are Early Majority. Majority. Centra should utilize existing reputation in Visionaries to attract Early Majority Choice of plans (Continued) Market oriented Sales oriented Focusing on one market segment lead Centra towards market leader in this segment Sales promotion in all segments may create rapid growth of sales Plan C is the be st Resistance â€Å"We can’t afford to focus can’ on only one market Segment. Let’s fish where Let’ the fish are biting! † biting! † Sales to all customers Leadership in one segment Leadership in entire market ? PLAN IMPLEMENTATION Strategy 1 Set the industry standard Be the industry standard for eLearning 2 Capture a dominant position with Global 2000 Target market: Global 2000 Primary product: High-end product Tactics: Dissemination Pricing: a free support contract that covered bug fixes and upgrades to maintain customers loyalty Short Term 3 Harmonize the Telesales with Field Sales Take full advantage of telesales Long Term 4 Be a single-source vendor in the future Integrate the business and the customer resources of LMS PLAN IMPLEMENTATION The Goal: 1. Broaden market coverage 2. Close sales with lowest cost Confliction of internal sales force Telesales and Field sales: Harmony and Complementary Duties of Telesales Customers Means The target companies are mainly Global 2000. A transaction is encouraged to made solely by Telesales. Products Partners Besides the eMeeting Product, telesales are expected to sell Symposium and Conference as well, further, they are encouraged to sell the highend products, which attribute more commission rewards. Take advantage of Telesales Collaborate with Field sales, in order to close a deal. ontinued Duties of Field sales Customer Means The target customers are made up of Global 2000 companies. Sellers operate the business, manage the sales cycle and negotiate with the top-tier of the target companies. Products Partners High-end Products, like Symposium and Conference, are the main products Field sale should launch. Take advantage of Field sales Telesales and Alliance Partners Constitute an ‘ecos ystem’ of partners Duties of Alliance Partners Maximize revenues from enterprise level Infrastructure Partners System Integrator Partners LMS Vendor Partners Sales process Customers TELESALES FIELD SALES TELEPHONE EARLY ADOPTERS MAJORITY EMAIL FAX One department Departments in the same company En te rp r Le ve ise l CLOSE SALES SALE PROCESS T e le s a le s C lo s e s a le Yes A llia n c e P a rn te rs S y m p o s iu m q u o te Yes D ire c t S a le No No C lo s e s a le Yes E n te rp ris e S trik e F o rc e No No F ie ld S a le s C o n fe re n c e q u o te Yes D ire c t S a le No C lo s e s a le Yes e M e e tin g q u o te Yes D ire c t S a le C lie n t d is s e m in a tio n End Performance Evaluation Target: a. ncourage high-end products sales like Symposium b. support dissemination strategy c. benefit staff with differential commission Practice: The Sales Strategy follows the essence of penetration and dissemination. The majority of first sales happen in a division of a company, then the sales are encouragement to make the transaction to other divisions of the same company, aiming to accomplish the sale on an ENTERPRISE BASIS finally. In accord with the strategy, the commission is added in the process of dissemination. Sales to ONE department of a company THE OTHER departments Of the company Sales on an ENRERPRISE BASIS Performance Evaluation (Continued) Telesales Field Sale First sale 1% commission First sale Second sale 1. 5% commission Second sale Continuous sale 0. 5% commission added forward Continuous sale C e n tr a O r g a n iz a tio n C EO P r e s id e n t, C O O V P , S tr a te g ic A llia n c e s C TO V P , C o r p o r a te M a r k e tin g V P , E u rop e, M id d le E a s t a n d A fr ic a V P , B u s in e s s D e v e lo p m e n t V P , e B u s in e s s O p e r a tio n s R e g io n a l M a n a g e r , S o u th e r n U S S V P , P r o fe s s io n a l S e r v ic e V P , W o r ld w id e S a le s D ir e c to r , D e v e lo p m e n t R e g io n a l M a n a g e r , E a ster n U S R e g io n a l M a n a g e r , W e ster n U S V P , C o r p o r a te S tr a te g y M anager, T e le s a le s , T e le m a r k e tin g D ir e c to r , A s ia P a c ific C FO Income Statement Based on the plan we adopt, there is a remarkable improvement in Centra’s income statement, showed as follows 2000 Total Sales Cost of goods sold SGA expense RD Other operating expense Net Income before tax Interest 23. 0 3. 70 27. 50 8. 50 0. 90 2001E 50. 00 8. 00 44. 40 11. 40 1. 16 2002E 79. 00 12. 51 60. 04 14. 30 1. 49 2003E 124. 82 19. 64 93. 62 17. 20 1. 91 Explanations: The revenue refers to the anticipation of management whereas the continuous 2 years follows the expansion rate of the entire market. In accordance with past 5 years’ total expenses, sales expenses are reduced given the adoption of Telesales. (17. 60) (14. 95) (9. 34) (7. 55) Eureka Eureka ? ? ? ? ? ? 07 04 07 07

Mae Jemison, First Black Woman Astronaut - Quotations

Mae Jemison, First Black Woman Astronaut - Quotations Mae Jemison (born October 17, 1956) became the first African American woman astronaut in 1987. Inspired both by Sally Ride, the first American female astronaut, and by Nichelle Nicholss portrayal of Lieutenant Uhura on Star Trek, Jemison applied in 1983. The program had been suspended following the 1986 Challenger disaster, but Jemison was accepted after it re-opened in 1987. Mission Specialist Mae Jemison flew her sole mission in 1992 aboard the shuttle Endeavour. Born in Alabama but raised in Chicago, Jemison had an interest in science from a very young age. Although the early space program had no female astronauts - or black astronauts, for that matter - Jemison was determined. She started college at Stanford University at the age of 16, got an engineering degree, and followed it with medical school at Cornell Medical College. Jemison was a physician and scientist who also spent time with the Peace Corps before applying to NASA. After leaving NASAs space program to pursue her interest in the intersection of social science and technology, Jemison became a professor: first at Dartmouth, then at Cornell. She continues to use her knowledge to support educational efforts and encourage curiosity and scientific experimentation, especially among young people. Selected Mae Jemison Quotations Dont let anyone rob you of your imagination, your creativity, or your curiosity. Its your place in the world; its your life. Go on and do all you can with it, and make it the life you want to live.Never be limited by other peoples limited imaginations...If you adopt their attitudes, then the possibility wont exist because youll have already shut it out ... You can hear other peoples wisdom, but youve got to re-evaluate the world for yourself.Sometimes people have already decided who you are without your story shining through.The best way to make dreams come true is to wake up.There have been lots of other women who had the talent and ability before me. I think this can be seen as an affirmation that were moving ahead. And I hope it means that Im just the first in a long line. More women should demand to be involved. Its our right. This is one area where we can get in on the ground floor and possibly help to direct where space exploration will go in the future.The thing that I have do ne throughout my life is to do the best job that I can and to be me. People may see astronauts and because the majority are white males, they tend to think it has nothing to do with them. But it does.When Im asked about the relevance to Black people of what I do, I take that as an affront. It presupposes that Black people have never been involved in exploring the heavens, but this is not so. Ancient African empires Mali, Songhai, Egypt had scientists, astronomers. The fact is that space and its resources belong to all of us, not to any one group.I want to make sure we use all our talent, not just 25 percent.Pay attention to the world around you and then find the places where you think you’re skilled. Follow your bliss and bliss doesn’t mean it’s easy!It is important for scientists to be aware of what our discoveries mean, socially and politically. Its a noble goal that science should be apolitical, acultural, and asocial, but it cant be, because its done by people who are all those things.I dont know that having been in space g ives me a better idea of whether life might exist on other planets. The reality is that we know that this universe, that our galaxy, has billions of stars. We know that stars have planets. So the likelihood that there is life somewhere else to me is just absolutely there. Science is very important to me, but I also like to stress that you have to be well-rounded. Ones love for science doesnt get rid of all the other areas. I truly feel someone interested in science is interested in understanding whats going on in the world. That means you have to find out about social science, art, and politics.If you think about it, HG Wells wrote First Men in the Moon in 1901. Imagine how incredulous, fantastical that idea was in 1901. We didn’t have rockets, we didn’t have the materials, and we weren’t really flying. It was incredible. Less than 100 years later, we were on the moon.While were orbiting Earth in the shuttle, the sky looks exactly as it looks here on Earth, except that the stars are brighter. So, we see the same planets, and they look the same way as they look here.In some ways I could have been seen as further ahead if I had taken an easier path, but every now and then I stop and think I probably wouldn’t have been happy. Selected Sources Cooper, Desiree.  Stargazer turned astronaut credits the MLK dream.  Detroit Free Press, 20 Jan. 2008.Fortney Jr., Albert. The Fortney Encyclical Black History: The Worlds True Black History. Xlibris, 2016.Gold, Lauren. Former shuttle Endeavour astronaut Mae C. Jemison encourages students to think like scientists. Cornell University, 11 July 2005.Jemison, Mae.  Find where the wind goes: moments from my life. New York: Scholastic, 2001

Valence Bond (VB) Theory Definition

Valence Bond (VB) Theory Definition Valence bond (VB) theory is a chemical bonding theory that explains the chemical bonding between two atoms. Like molecular orbital (MO) theory, it explains bonding using principles of quantum mechanics. According to valence bond theory, bonding is caused by the overlap of half-filled atomic orbitals. The two atoms share each others unpaired electron to form a filled orbital to form a hybrid orbital and bond together. Sigma and pi bonds are part of valence bond theory. Key Takeaways: Valence Bond (VB) Theory Valence bond theory or VB theory is a theory based on quantum mechanics that explains how chemical bonding works.In valence bond theory, the atomic orbitals of individual atoms are combined to form chemical bonds.The other major theory of chemical bonding is molecular orbital theory or MO theory. Valence bond theory is used to explain how covalent chemical bonds form between several molecules. Theory Valence bond theory predicts covalent bond formation between atoms when they have half-filled valence atomic orbitals, each containing a single unpaired electron. These atomic orbitals overlap, so electrons have the highest probability of being within the bond region. Both atoms then share the single unpaired electrons to form weakly coupled orbitals. The two atomic orbitals do not need to be the same as each other. For example, sigma and pi bonds may overlap. Sigma bonds form when the two shared electrons have orbitals that overlap head-to-head. In contrast, pi bonds form when the orbitals overlap but are parallel to each other. This diagram depicts a sigma bond between two atoms. The red area represents localized electron density. ZooFari  /  Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license Sigma bonds form between electrons of two s-orbitals because the orbital shape is spherical. Single bonds contain one sigma bond. Double bonds contain a sigma bond and a pi bond. Triple bonds contain a sigma bond and two pi bonds. When chemical bonds form between atoms, the atomic orbitals may be hybrids of sigma and pi bonds. The theory helps explain bond formation in cases where a Lewis structure cant describe real behavior. In this case, several valence bond structures may be used to describe a single Lewis stricture. History Valence bond theory draws from Lewis structures. G.N. Lewis proposed these structures in 1916, based on the idea that two shared bonding electrons formed chemical bonds. Quantum mechanics was applied to describe bonding properties in the Heitler-London theory of 1927. This theory described chemical bond formation between hydrogen atoms in the H2 molecule using Schrà ¶dingers wave equation to merge the wavefunctions of the two hydrogen atoms. In 1928, Linus Pauling combined Lewiss pair bonding idea with the Heitler-London theory to propose valence bond theory. Valence bond theory was developed to describe resonance and orbital hybridization. In 1931, Pauling published a paper on valence bond theory entitled, On the Nature of the Chemical Bond. The first computer programs used to describe chemical bonding used molecular orbital theory, but since the 1980s, principles of valence bond theory have become programmable. Today, the modern versions of these theories are competitive with each other in terms of accurately describing real behavior. Uses Valence bond theory can often explain how covalent bonds form. The diatomic fluorine molecule, F2, is an example. Fluorine atoms form single covalent bonds with each other. The F-F bond results from overlapping pz orbitals, which each contain a single unpaired electron. A similar situation occurs in hydrogen, H2, but the bond lengths and strength are different between H2 and F2 molecules. A covalent bond forms between hydrogen and fluorine in hydrofluoric acid, HF. This bond forms from the overlap of the hydrogen 1s orbital and the fluorine 2pz orbital, which each have an unpaired electron. In HF, both the hydrogen and fluorine atoms share these electrons in a covalent bond. Sources Cooper, David L.; Gerratt, Joseph; Raimondi, Mario (1986). The electronic structure of the benzene molecule. Nature. 323 (6090): 699. doi:10.1038/323699a0Messmer, Richard P.; Schultz, Peter A. (1987). The electronic structure of the benzene molecule. Nature. 329 (6139): 492. doi:10.1038/329492a0Murrell, J.N.; Kettle, S.F.A.; Tedder, J.M. (1985). The Chemical Bond (2nd ed.). John Wiley Sons. ISBN 0-471-90759-6.Pauling, Linus (1987). Electronic structure of the benzene molecule. Nature. 325 (6103): 396. doi:10.1038/325396d0Shaik, Sason S.; Phillipe C. Hiberty (2008). A Chemists Guide to Valence Bond Theory. New Jersey: Wiley-Interscience. ISBN 978-0-470-03735-5.

The Value and Importance of Training Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Value and Importance of Training - Essay Example They employ 2.2 million associates worldwide. With their ‘Every Day Low Cost’ strategy Wal-Mart has been able to become leaders in the retail sector. The company recognizes the contribution of its associates (Wal-Mart refers to its employees as associates) in the success of the company. The company since beginning believed in ‘bringing people up through the ranks’ (MMR, 2012). Associates that were keen to further their careers at Wal-Mart are regarded as potential management trainees. To support this, Wal-Mart had a well-established management training program and in the 1980s an increasing number of associated enrolled for the accelerated store management candidate program. Growth of Wal-Mart was so rapid that they had to go in for college recruitments in addition to its internal management identification and training program. Wal-Mart also has a reputation of high turnover of staff, which suggests that they need to motivate the staff to reduce attrition. H owever, associates need to have the knowledge and skills to serve, support and sell within their division (Wal-Mart, 2007). It is thus essential that associate learning is aligned to the business strategy of Wal-Mart. Training, for associates at Wal-Mart has to be specific to their area of responsibility. At the same time it must also prepare them for growth within the organization. Wal-Mart continually updates training and development programs and they adopted computer-based learning. However this has not been sufficient to motivate the associate to grow within the company. Wal-Mart needs to employ more effective training programs that could motivate and enhance performance of their associates. Training is fundamental in transforming the workforce but the training must start from the top and cascade down to the lower levels (Vermeulen & Crous, 2000). The best results are obtained when managers train their own people. However, for training to be effective it must be planned in a sys tematic manner. Training has to be ongoing not merely to meet the changes in technology but it also has to be relevant to the business environment in which the organization operates. In addition, training must be able to meet the future needs of the organization and should be organization-specific. Today it is no more sufficient to align training with the business strategy, especially as organizations employ young graduates. They need to fulfill graduate expectations as well (Connor & Shaw, 2008). Therefore, there has to be a shift from computer-based coaching. The efficacy of structured class-room coaching is debatable even if it is computer-based. Technology provides for alternate solutions including long-distance and e-learning approaches. The traditional programs curb creativity and do not encourage risk-taking (Cron et al, 2005). While technology is increasingly being adopted in training and development programs, it is necessary that such training is ongoing (Byers, 2005). Cons tant change in technology requires life-long learning. Change is inevitable in any business environment. Online training offers the flexibility and capacity to update the training instantly. This is not only a necessity as rapid change takes place in the business environment but it also adds to learner satisfaction. This enables the mature learners to avail of the training sessions at their convenience. Coaching activity in companies is declining which indicates that expected business benefits have

Decision-Making Models Math Problem Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Decision-Making Models - Math Problem Example The researcher states that the amount of inventory that Company A needs to order can be determined with the use of economic order quantity (EOQ) model. According to Williamson  EOQ models are used for identifying the optimal order quantity. In order to do this the model minimizes the sum of certain costs that vary with order size and the frequency of orders. Williamson (2012) describes three order size models – the basic economic order quantity (EOQ) model; the economic production quantity (EPQ) model; and the quantity discount model. The basic EOQ model is used to find the order size that would minimize company A’s total annual cost. The formula and the calculations follow. Q0 = √(2DS/H) Where, Q0 is the order quantity in units D is the annual demand in units S is the order cost for each order made H is the holding or carrying the cost for each unit of inventory per year Company A’s information is as follows: - Annual demand (D) is 18,000 units per annum - Ordering cost (S) is $38 per order - Holding cost (H) is 26% of the cost of the inventory which is $12 per unit Q0 =   Ã¢Ë†Å¡[(2 x 18,000 x $38)/(0.26 x $12)]   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   = √(1,368,000/3.12)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   = √438461.54 = 662 units   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   = 662 units The results indicate that the economic order quantity that will minimize total annual cost is 662 units per order. Company A produces the goods that it sells and so the economic production lot size model is the most appropriate model for use in this scenario (Williamson 2012). The formula for performing the calculations that provide the results is as follows: Qp = √(2DS/H) √[p/(p-u)] Where, Qp is the economic run quantity p is the production or delivery rate u is the usage rate    Qp = √[(2 x 15,000 x $84)/(0.28 x $19)] √[60,000/(60,000-15,000)]   Qp = √(2,520,000/5.32) √1.33 Qp = 699.25 x 1.15 Qp = 791 The results indicate that the economic production lot size that will minimize total annual cost id 791 units per production run.

Honer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Honer - Essay Example Unfortunately, the experts stated that it was impossible to transform it to arable land. Despite this, Sheikh Zayed looked for alternative ways of improving this land. He chose to focus on planting of trees in order to limit erosion, and thus make the land more habitable. This approach proved to be a great success. This shows that despite the challenges he encountered, Sheikh Zayed continued to pursue his vision. His desire was to make the lives of people more comfortable in the country, and this he achieved. He developed a strategy that helped to achieve his vision as the leader of the UAE. Although Sheikh Zayed was not highly educated, his actions and utterances were reasonable and he always acted responsibly. He had a clear desire to provide the citizens of the UAE with basic needs such as education, healthcare and arable land. He vigorously campaigned for the education of the youth and adults. To him, education was the key to a successful and prosperous country. He also had a strong belief in women. According to him, women have an important role to play in the building of the nation. For instance, he once stated that â€Å"Woman is the maker of generations† and â€Å"I encourage woman to work in the positions that suit her nature and preserve her dignity as a mother and maker of generations.† I have tremendous respect for Sheikh Zayed and what he has achieved. I am motivated to continue pursuing the vision he had for the country based on the respect I have for him. One of the main reasons why the people of UAE talk proudly and passionately about their country and their leaders is because of the actions and good deeds of their leaders. This is because when a person treats others well, he is likely to be treated in a similar fashion by these people. In conclusion, there is one quote by Sheikh Zayed I would like to share: â€Å"Progress and renaissance are not to be measured by reinforced concrete structures, but rather by building human being and

The effect on the 1990 Clean Air Act on the Twin Cities Research Paper

The effect on the 1990 Clean Air Act on the Twin Cities - Research Paper Example Air Quality in the Twin Cities Midway through the 20th century, the United States started growing concerned with air quality, especially in larger cities. Beginning with the Air Pollution Control Act of 1955, the government would continue to pass Acts that would help research and regulate air pollution. In 1963 the first version of the Clean Air Act was passed following the research gained by the 1955 Act. This CAA set up regulations and standards to monitor air pollution, giving the newly formed Environmental Protection Agency the power to enforce these standards. Today, our focus will be a later version of this Act. The Clean Air Act of 1990 and the subsequent tighter standards for air quality set by the EPA caused the state of Minnesota to fall out of compliance. This paper will discuss the effect of the 1990 Clean Air Act on the Twin Cities. History of the Clean Air Act Beginning first with an overview of the Clean Air Act’s history, the Clean Air Act of 1990 was a set of amendments added to the already recognized piece of legislation from 1963. The 1963 legislation created a special section of the United States Public Health Service that would focus on air pollution research, monitoring and regulation techniques. Following research done, the 1967 Air Quality Act was passed which furthered government attention to both interstate transports’ effect on air pollution and ways to monitor air pollution in an ambient or localized way. In 1970 several amendments were added to the Clean Air Act of 1963 which greatly expanded federal authority. All of this authority was actually transferred to the newly created Environmental Protection Agency, or EPA. The EPA, an agency under the jurisdiction of the U.S. Public Health Service, was backed by governmental funding and authority to control air pollution from both mobile and stationary sources, in private and public industries (Gerbec, et al., 1995). For example, after the CAA of 1970, the EPA began regulat ing industries that were shown to be the causes of most public pollution. It began requiring auto makers to create emissions traps, in the form of catalytic converters, to ensure pollutants that create smog would not be unleashed(Smith, 1993).. The EPA also targeted the oil refineries who sold gasoline, requiring them to sell purer gasoline to higher risked areas – along with banning many types of gasoline that are leaded. Finally, the manufacturing sites of coal had to alter their smokestacks and install â€Å"scrubbers† that would prevent pollutants from being released into the atmosphere (Cooper, 2000). By targeting these industries, the EPA hoped to greatly reduce the amount of air pollution near these industrial centers. However, the EPA did not stop with industrial regulation. The agency also gave responsibility to state governments to regulate and enforce pollution-reducing methods. In the 1970 Clean Air Act, the EPA was given greater authority over state govern ments to mandate four new mandatory regulation programs that were mainly focused with air pollution. These four programs included the National Ambient Air Quality Standards, or NAAQS, the State Implementation Plans, or SIPs, the New Source Performance Standards, or NSPS, and finally the National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants, or NESHAPs. Therefore a system of localized authority was created. Each

Information Technology Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Information Technology - Assignment Example They are only sent by the agent to the manager entity. It is also in the unconfirmed class whereby operations are not acknowledged (Mauro, 2005). 3. It does not have a presentation layer (Goshima, 2011). Machine architecture simply means modes by which data and information is stored and represented in computers, circuits and the CPU. Bits, which are binary digit, are the basic unit for storage and presentation of information in the machine. They operate in two ways, either false or true, which are in the form of 0s or 1s. Characters and integers representation in computers are all represented by a sequence of binary digits. The presentation layer is used to compress, translate, and encrypt data to the required form, so it is responsible for data displaying and managing how data is presented to the application level from the lower levels. In the internet, data sources through the application layer, are represented by unique numeric number called internet protocol addresses. Each machine or computer connected to the internet, is assigned its own IP address to use in a computer network, therefore, forming a sharing ability of available resources and information. When one of the computer s needs to access some information, the user will enter the documents name, but the machine will automatically convert it into an address that will enable the machine to identify the document. This way of representing data creates web pages, location of files and authentic sources, sending of emails and proxy availability (lammle, 2011). 4. Lastname::=OCTET STRING {weight, 277} Weight::= INTEGER {lastname, â€Å"greg†} 3 2 2 2 g e r g 4 4 Combining the two, weight and name, we will establish a set that has both the integer and the IA5string. Set is a collection of one or more types and is represented by a â€Å"31 14† in the encoding rules. G r e g 04 71 82 69 71 In BER encoding using hexadecimal like in the word

The effect on the 1990 Clean Air Act on the Twin Cities Research Paper

The effect on the 1990 Clean Air Act on the Twin Cities - Research Paper Example Air Quality in the Twin Cities Midway through the 20th century, the United States started growing concerned with air quality, especially in larger cities. Beginning with the Air Pollution Control Act of 1955, the government would continue to pass Acts that would help research and regulate air pollution. In 1963 the first version of the Clean Air Act was passed following the research gained by the 1955 Act. This CAA set up regulations and standards to monitor air pollution, giving the newly formed Environmental Protection Agency the power to enforce these standards. Today, our focus will be a later version of this Act. The Clean Air Act of 1990 and the subsequent tighter standards for air quality set by the EPA caused the state of Minnesota to fall out of compliance. This paper will discuss the effect of the 1990 Clean Air Act on the Twin Cities. History of the Clean Air Act Beginning first with an overview of the Clean Air Act’s history, the Clean Air Act of 1990 was a set of amendments added to the already recognized piece of legislation from 1963. The 1963 legislation created a special section of the United States Public Health Service that would focus on air pollution research, monitoring and regulation techniques. Following research done, the 1967 Air Quality Act was passed which furthered government attention to both interstate transports’ effect on air pollution and ways to monitor air pollution in an ambient or localized way. In 1970 several amendments were added to the Clean Air Act of 1963 which greatly expanded federal authority. All of this authority was actually transferred to the newly created Environmental Protection Agency, or EPA. The EPA, an agency under the jurisdiction of the U.S. Public Health Service, was backed by governmental funding and authority to control air pollution from both mobile and stationary sources, in private and public industries (Gerbec, et al., 1995). For example, after the CAA of 1970, the EPA began regulat ing industries that were shown to be the causes of most public pollution. It began requiring auto makers to create emissions traps, in the form of catalytic converters, to ensure pollutants that create smog would not be unleashed(Smith, 1993).. The EPA also targeted the oil refineries who sold gasoline, requiring them to sell purer gasoline to higher risked areas – along with banning many types of gasoline that are leaded. Finally, the manufacturing sites of coal had to alter their smokestacks and install â€Å"scrubbers† that would prevent pollutants from being released into the atmosphere (Cooper, 2000). By targeting these industries, the EPA hoped to greatly reduce the amount of air pollution near these industrial centers. However, the EPA did not stop with industrial regulation. The agency also gave responsibility to state governments to regulate and enforce pollution-reducing methods. In the 1970 Clean Air Act, the EPA was given greater authority over state govern ments to mandate four new mandatory regulation programs that were mainly focused with air pollution. These four programs included the National Ambient Air Quality Standards, or NAAQS, the State Implementation Plans, or SIPs, the New Source Performance Standards, or NSPS, and finally the National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants, or NESHAPs. Therefore a system of localized authority was created. Each

Pugh v. Locke Case Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Pugh v. Locke Case - Research Paper Example On February 26, 1974, an inmate of G. K. Fountain Correctional Center filed a complaint concerning the state of inmates confined by the Alabama board of corrections or those who may be confined later (Robbins & Michael, 1977). The court found that those actions were maintained as class actions under Federal Rule 23(a) and (b) (2) (Gerald, 1978). Notably, the court investigated and found out that the defendants in both cases acted and refused to act on the ground set for the class. The defendants were sued in their official and individual capacities including the Governor of Alabama, the Commissioner of Alabama Board of Corrections, Deputy Commissioner of the Alabama Board of Corrections, the board members, the Warden of G. K. Fountain Correctional Center and the Warden of Kilby Corrections Facility. These people were retained as individual defendants (Robbins & Michael, 1977). On April 16, 1974, the court-appointed counsel filed the amendment to the case. This complaint was filed on behalf of all inmates of the state penal system confined to, G. K. Fountain Correctional Center and those who underwent such violence (Gerald, 1978). The Alabama Board of Corrections was charged with the responsibility for managing these state penal institutions. The board operated four large institutions for male inmates, which were, G. K. Fountain Correctional Center, Holman Unit Prison, Kilby Corrections Facility and Draper Correctional Center (Robbins & Michael, 1977). They also managed Julia Tutwiler Prison for women and the Frank Lee Youth Center for young men. The inmate populations of these institutions were in excess by 5000. The overcrowding of these institutions heightened, and inmates were crowded so much that they had to sleep on mattresses on hallways and even near urinals (Robbins & Michael, 1977). These made sanitation and security impossible to maintain. Alabama’s penal institutions were filthy. In a research carried out by a public health officer, he found r oaches, flies, mosquitoes and other vermin in all stages of development. The sanitary rooms were terrible and constituted to poor drainage systems. Strange odors emanated from these facilities due to the gross under maintenance of hygiene. Moreover, personal hygiene was not observed in these facilities. The parties predetermined that the state only provided for razor blades and soap to the inmates (Gerald, 1978). Items such as shampoo, toothbrushes, toothpaste, shaving cream and combs were unavailable to the inmates since the state did not provide. However, inmates who could afford the products were required buy them. On the other hand, catering services were of poor quality in these facilities. Food was stored in unsanitary conditions. The storage units were dirty and infested with insects. The food service personnel who mostly comprised of inmates were unskilled on how to handle and prepare food. In addition, the inmates were not supplied with eating utensils. This forced them to use, old, dirty, tin cans. The food was unappetizing and unwholesome while at the same time dangerous for human consumption. An expert witness once toured the facilities. Shockingly enough, he concluded that the conditions in the facilities were unfit for human habitation in every criterion (Robbins & Michael, 1977). The prison officials did not dispute evidence that most inmates are in a terrifyingly poor condition. Consequently, a

Corporate Social Responsibility, Entrepreneurship, and Innovation Essay Example for Free

Corporate Social Responsibility, Entrepreneurship, and Innovation Essay A framework refers to a basic conceptional structure of something, a set of facts or ideas that provides the necessary support for something (Steinberg 2009). On the other hand, a learning framework is a programmed academic work that is needed for the Co-operation education completion (Fisher 2008). The framework helps in planning on how objectives and goals of a given individual or organization are achieved. This is done through the use of Co-operative Education Placement organization (CPO) and provides a person’s academic program with a solid foundation. This framework feeds the educators with an expertise foundation concerning learning. It serves as a richly effective system for organizing, addressing and describing learning strengths and weaknesses. Learning framework consists of 8 constructs namely: attention, complex thinking, language, memory, social cognition, neural motor functions, temporal-sequential ordering and spatial Roderick. Learning Goal 1: Being self directed and reflexive learners                Self-directed learning in CPO is not a new concept. Its contributions and related information has been written down. Unfortunately, its notion has a variety of applications and interpretations in the arena of corporate training. Its typical narrow interpretations involve providing learners with some sort of choice in their learning. For example learners are allowed to select one or more courses from structured job training. Reflective learning on the other hand helps in developing self awareness, analytical skills and critical thinking which is important to both students and staff. It helps in informing about what didn’t work or worked, what may be done differently, or how people may develop their practice or behavior. Learning goal 2: Being knowledgeable in the major field of study                Knowledge consists of many varying facets encompassing skills from learning to understand how to create or build how to manage finances, and resonating with nature. My role in acquiring knowledge through CPO is to ensure that education provided consists of all the required skills of running an organization. Key tasks involved                Keep an open mind. Learning always challenges our assumptions and the pre-wired reaction is to ignore the conflicting ideas. Don’t dismiss something automatically as it fails to neatly fit in your current world’s vision. Deciding the type of knowledge you want to acquire. This incorporates two types of knowledge that is specialized knowledge where you want to focus specifically on breadth rather than depth. The other one is specific knowledge where you have to focus on the depth of the skills or information you want to acquire. Get out of the comfort zone. Involves learning things that might based on your keenest interest through engaging in your community activities. Check on boards for local announcement or from your community website. This enhances the access of a number of learning opportunities: classes, dances, community theatre or economic aid. Don’t be afraid to fail. It is the most significant advice in learning on how to be knowledgeable. Owning and learning to your mistake will help in gaining knowledge in your major areas that will help in remembering the correct information better. My personal attributes and role will help my CPO in acquiring the required values and skills necessary in learning. Learning goal 3: Being problem solvers and enquirers (internal environment)                Internal environment involves the factors that influence/affect business operations from within (Coley 2010). The interrelationships within the organization involve how different departments interrelate with one another such as sales, production, marketing, billing and research. The structure of the organization defines how these departments interrelate and interacts with one another, and the chain of commands running through different levels. These interrelationships within the organization are managed by my CPO through provision of the required knowledge and skills. This knowledge is acquired through training that facilitates better relationships within the organization. The organizational chart                From the key tasks in LG2, they all interrelate with one another with a cohesive relationship. In order for the organizational tasks to be completed, a good relationship is needed from the organizational culture to resource management. For effective management of internal relationships, my CPO facilitates through providing managerial skills required in different departments of the organization, the employer should facilitate regular training, favorable working environment, effective means of communication and strong internal controls. LG 3.2- critical enquirers and problem solvers, impacts of external environment on the CPO and industry                External environment involves external factors such as customers and competitors who affect the operations of the business from outside (Xue 2008). My CPO involves a method of combining education based on classroom with practical work experience. Within this sector of the industry, a number of key factors are considered for effective management and better interrelationships. Some of these factors include; the size of the industry, consumer demand of its products and the rate of growth. The current business world has been facing a lot of challenges in its effort of meeting the needs of the customers. A major issue is on the lack of clarity in the scope of the functions of the business. This issue may have a positive impact to my CPO and its industry sector as many business people would be seeking for the relevant knowledge. External stakeholders such as customers, competitors, and the government may contribute to a better relationship if well catered for by the industry. LG 3.3 business management                The topic investigates on the role of management on staffing. This is a very essential area that needs to be carried out with all due knowledge as it determines the progress of the business. Learning goal 4: ethical and social responsibility facing society and business                Ethical means to do with what is wrong and right, based on morality (Cafoliete 2010). Social responsibility is refers to an ethical theory that an individual or organization has an obligation to act for societal benefits (Amaeshi 2013). An ethical decision facilitates better services and creates a good image of an organization. My CPO and industry may consider offering training on how to ethical business characteristics and ensures customer needs are fully met (Bates 2013). Lack of enough skills may lead to a challenge in my CPO on making business decision that is ethical. LG 5: work collaboratively                Communication is a key factor in every business organization. Communication enhances better relationships with others in the industry thus facilitating work collaborations. My strength in this aspect is that my CPO consists of the largest communication department which links with other external organizations. The major weakness is on the poor communication skills currently displayed by many of the departmental attendants. My goal is to ensure that communication has been enhanced and effective channels installed. The strategies to be put in place include; in-service training and workshops should be held regularly, installation of communication devices in all departments and skilled managers employed. In order to assess whether the goals have been achieved, it should be measured in terms of profit margin and the number of customers. Aspect 2: working effectively in teams                Team work is a key tool in enhancing effective operations and increased productivity. It brings unity thus enhancing collaboration with others. The strengths in this aspect are that majority of the group members are of the same age thus works well as a group. The weakness is on the team leadership as my CPO industry has a few experienced managers. My goal is to develop the strongest working team in the industry. The strategies set include ensuring that more skilled managers are employed, workshops held to regular basis to train members on how to have strong working teams. Though it is hard to assess the strength of a team, my industry will check on the interrelationship between the internal and external environments to assess whether the goal has been met. References Amaeshi, K., Nnodim, P. (2013). Corporate Social Responsibility, Entrepreneurship, and Innovation. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis. Augustine, C. H. (2009). Improving school leadership the promise of cohesive leadership systems. Santa Monica, CA: RAND. Bates, C. G. (2013). Global social issues an encyclopedia. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe. Bender, T. (2012). Discussion-based online teaching to enhance student learning: theory, practice, and assessment (2nd ed.). Sterling, Va.: Stylys. Clayton, P. E. (2009). Essential law for your business: a practical guide to all legal and financial requirements (13th ed.). London: Kogan Page. Fisher, D., Frey, N. (2008). Better learning through structured teaching a framework for the gradual release of responsibility. Alexandria, Va.: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development. LaFollette, H. (2010). The Blackwell guide to ethical theory. Oxford, OX, UK: Blackell Publishers. Menon, R., Kumar, R. (2010). The long view from Delhi: to define the Indian grand strategy for foreign policy. New Delhi: Academic Foundation in association with Indian Council for Research on International Economic Relations. Schuh, C. (2012). The CPO transforming procurement in the real world. Berkeley, CA: Apress ;. Snoeyenbos, M., Almeder, R. F., Humber, J. M. (2011). Business ethics (3rd ed.). Amherst, N.Y.: Prometheus Books. Steinberg, D. (2009). EMF: Eclipse Modeling Framework (2nd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Addison-Wesley. Source document

The Impact of Occupational Segregation on Working Conditions

The Impact of Occupational Segregation on Working Conditions Zoe Stux â€Å"Critically evaluate the claim that occupational segregation in the British workforce leads to lower pay, lower status and increased insecurity among women employees† Occupational segregation finds it roots in the social behaviour of society, by definition this means a separation within job roles by gender. Feminist movements paved the way for women to have equal life styles and occupational choices for women in Britain. Legislation currently in place would lead to the assumption that inequality is not possible in today’s organisations given that there are anti discrimination and equal pay laws to protect the workforce without having to rely on the trade unions. Yet, when considering the effects of direct and indirect discrimination it becomes apparent how an organisation may apply a condition of employment to all employees which can be weighted to affect a large proportion of one gender over another if it is so designed. It is necessary here to demonstrate that current legislation allows some discrimination, for example, a disabled woman requiring a carer to help with personal duties is allowed to state only women can apply. Despite the ab ility to discriminate there is evidence to suggest that equalities within the genders are lessening and women are becoming more present in senior roles, the assumption is that the equality will pass from the top down the chain to affect the gender segregation on a larger scale lessening the increasing levels of discrimination over time. In contrast it could be the divide is not diminishing, and in fact current occupational segregation retains a level of inequality between the genders with regards pay, status and increasing insecurity. Cockburn recently (1991 p123) states â€Å"it will remain a fact of life that women are severely disadvantaged compared to men in their career opportunities†. This evaluation will assess the suggestions that women’s inferior place within the workforce leads to lower levels of pay for the same roles, lower status in general placed on their roles and the increasing insecurity of the roles performed by women whilst critically debating the various viewpoints to look at how the relationship between the employer and employee is introduced and subsequently managed. Whilst considering the view that women are disadvantaged through social constraints, biological constraints and personal choice allowing for the impact in Britain for future generations. As recently as 2004 it is suggested work status is far from equal with most management structures showing primary male domination. However, whilst many companies continue to operate within these male confines there have been an increasing number of women in management roles within recent years breaking the inequality traditions in status. However in line with feminist theories these areas are under represented within the professions and senior management. For those that achieve success on equal grounding it is often the case that women will be required to fit the male value system already established within the organisation, thus suggesting that women may achieve levels of perceived power but the opportunity to make decisions affecting the power will be biased towards the male institutionalised practices already in place. This can translate to a new mind set and change in belief system which for some this can be difficult to adapt to. For those that do not achieve a level of seniority occupations tend to be limited to clerical or secretarial roles and are primarily held as part time (Rose, E (2004) p557). Rose successfully illustrates for a small percentage of the workforce success is possible however for the masses lower status roles are the norm, assuming that these levels of employment are lower down the organisational chain the level of reward will be suitable to the roles therefore less than the male managers. However according to the equal opportunities commission (hereby referred to as EOC) in 2005 there was an average twenty percent difference between the genders in each employment section with regards wages earned on an average hourly rate. Although banking was a much higher rate at forty percent and not included in the average. It could be argued as Rose states above most female roles are primarily part time which would lead to less remuneration and increased insecurity. Although the same study shows dif ferentials between high profile roles which are assumed to be full time with the bias favouring males within these roles. Historically a biological viewpoint was used to control the workforce, and all collective bargaining would have been pursued by the trade unions led by men bargaining for men. Trade unions and workers alike were concerned with controlling wage levels and entry into trade ensuring the skills required by industry were sought after therefore controlling the flow of work and the financial demands that could be made, if women had been able to contribute to these tasks the reward level would have decreased as women were deemed cheap labour. Whilst this would be beneficial to employers who would decrease outgoings and protect profit margin it would be detrimental to the male workforce and unions, illustrating an impact of male trade unionist methods to drive towards male domination in the workplace. Biological theory was used to manipulate society to believe women were not capable of carrying out physical labour as men were; this served the purpose of providing a reason to prevent female pr esence in physical industry and at the same time set a cultural way of thinking. Biological theory argues that men are naturally stronger than women due to the way the body is constructed and this permits men to carry out certain tasks woman can not. Social acceptance of this granted the woman’s place was at home given the childbearing and nurturing ties to the female. In contrast biologically men’s behavior is seen as predatory and aggressive. However, there is the suggestion that roles are culturally determined as opposed to biologically, and the parental relationship cements social development. Children are manipulated by social norms at a young age to reinforce gender differences, for example a girl wears pink and a boy wears blue, a girl is given a doll or a tea set and a boy receives a car or a football. As the child gets older media influence will be introduced through adverts, popular television or movies to reinforce the socially acceptable roles for the genders (Oakley 2005). In support for this idea the functionality of the two genders is underpinned by analysis from several societies which concluded that there were no tasks with the exception of child birth that could be completed by only one of the two genders (Rose 2004). Biological attributes do not restrict women from roles; this was further supported through evidence observed during the Second World War where women were forced to take on men’s roles because of the shortage of people available. Based on this assumption it could be suggested that the divides seen in today’s workplace are intentional on the part of the female workforce who chose not to be equal and accept the pay differences secure in the knowledge that their income is secondary and whilst potentially insecure in the employment world it is not important to the family world and therefore of little consequence. Despite the Second World War the biological view would continue after the war had finished. This swift change in attitude back to the old social norm would prove to be difficult for some women to cope with. The myth that biologically women were incapable was squashed, however the value system that had created social structure before the war was still present with the men who returned therefore the social constraints were restored. However, the awareness of women being physically capable was a reality for society to develop and accept it was social and cultural beliefs that stopped women from working. There became an understanding that a reserve army of labour could be called on when required by policy makers and employers alike to achieve common goals, exploiting women into the workplace when it suited those in control. Male perception did not change and work was seen as a secondary focus to family, this created a vacuum where women were manipulated by others to conform to social rul es. It would appear modern society has not moved on that much, according to the equal opportunities commission in 2006, sixty seven percent of the female population of working age were in employment verses seventy eight percent of men under the same criteria, this would fit within social assumptions today where to a certain degree women remain primary family carers. Interestingly this research quantifies that forty three percent of women working were in part time employment whilst only eight percent of the men fulfilled part time roles, this would support the assumption that men remain the primary breadwinners in mass society. Purcell (2000) explains that from the 1980s changes have been seen within British society, until the 1980s women were active in the workplace until the birth of their first child, when they would remain inactive until school age or another child was born and the cycle would repeat. However by the end of the 1980s two thirds of mothers were active within the wo rkplace and approximately half of these returned to work within nine months utilising family and childcare options. Therefore gender changes and opinions within society have been demonstrated resulting in the counter argument for the gender nurturing social arguments demonstrated earlier. In contrast there is also the view that Britain’s economic climate has dictated these levels of work as increasingly families need to draw two wages in order to cover the high cost of living which is not relative to the rises seen in salaries. Supporting the view of exploitation further is the investigation of the reserve army of labour which proves to be beneficial to industries. The foundation of this idea is in Marxist explanations, suggesting that capitalism required a secondary outlay of potential recruits who could be relied on in times of both economic recession and boom to provide a flow of supply and demand in terms of workforce. This is essentially a flexible workforce with few rights and therefore the inability to make demands on the employer, whilst the employer has the right to reduce wages and increase the rate and extent of the worker exploitation at will. This is extreme and in today’s society would be tapered to meet legislation and social standards, although this does not necessarily mean the exploitation has ended, it has simply taken a different guise. In their book Women in Britain today (1986) Beechey and Whitelegg conclude that women would be less able to resist redundancy due to lack of trade union representation and their lower financial value within the workplace which makes them a high risk to increasing insecurity. However this study is dated and whilst in some areas trade union representation is valid this is not the case across mass private industry. Beechey and Whitelegg go on to suggest women are more likely to accept work at a lower rate than a male counterpart given they will not be aggressive and negotiate, and from a political viewpoint unemployed women are less likely to register unemployed as with primary incomes from their husbands they would not be eligible for benefits, thus supporting the claim that the segregation between the two genders within the workplace leads to insecurity for women. However in contrast to the insecurity being suggested this theory would imply when Britain went through a recession in the 20th Century the part time and flexible lower paid workforce would have been the first to suffer, yet this was not the case. The answer to this would be, for the same reason the reserve army of labour was considered a good idea, when in recession the primary function is to save long term financial plans, therefore making commercial sense to retain the cheaper labour on the workforce inadvertently providing incre ased security during times of recession and economic crisis. There is mass evidence to support the perception that management and trade unions perceive female workers to have a lower commitment to paid work. It is largely these ideals which populate within the labour markets of today, showing women to be secondary to their male counterparts, exploited at will, to control the labour markets and placed in insecure roles because they are not valued (Purcell 2000 p133).This is also supported by Homans (1987 cited in Rose 2004) where interview techniques were questioned when direct discrimination was uncovered and the reasons provided illustrated the view that women will project a lack of commitment to the role, either requiring time off to have a family or caring for an existing family. In contrast Rose (2004) establishes that although the majority of organizations have been traditionally dominated by men, there are a percentage of female senior managers pulling through to powerful positions and this appears to be increasing. In 1991 nine percent of the total women surveyed represented a small number of executive managers and directors. However in 1998 this increased to eighteen percent and four percent of these were director level. On the other hand in 2001 the number dropped to nine percent, although this figure did not include executive directors, therefore there is no like for like comparison making analysis difficult to draw conclusions from. It may be the changing social climates of the late 20th and early 21st Centuries have led to this change in female presence. With a change in social attitudes it is possible to see both genders have been suppressed with women missing the workplace opportunities and men increasingly missing family life. A movement in social acceptance can now see men remain at home while the woman goes out to work reversing the traditional roles. However whilst changes to social thinking are beginning there is the suggestion that the perception of women in power is a false one, despite the movements into senior roles the movements come from organisational restructure, changing job titles and removing levels of management to make opportunities less. Therefore the reality does not translate to total equality as power would be cascaded back up the chain towards the men. It would appear the opportunities for development and progression become stifled and the female workforce are only able to reach a particular point in the structure before they hit the ‘glass ceiling’ and their progression is halted. The lack of development in many cases appears to be attributed to women taking time off to have families, the assumption then is that by the time they return to work priorities have changed and long unsociable hours are a problem, leading to static working practices and fewer women successfully climbing the ladder. It appears industry is asking women to make a choice between motherhood and career but not working to aid the two in working side by side. Kirton and Greene (2001 p46) appear to agree, women have to make a choice, they place women at a disadvantage in the workplace due to less experience, lack of training and education compared to male counterparts. However they go on to suggest there are two counter points that can have a positive effect on a woman’s career; by working uninterrupted without family breaks it demonstrates commitment combined with the ability to project a long term ambition through working steadily and when required including late nights. Given that not all women will want to start a family these restrictions will not apply to all, however the statistics seem to indicate these are the minority of women or in exceptional cases women will have both and make sacrifices within the family to return to work with the aid of a non work support network of family and frie nds or childcare. Although the EOC statistics show a high percentage of female workers in part time employment it remains that over half the employed women surveyed were working in full time roles. Sly et al (1998) relate education and occupational qualifications as key to the success of women with the workplace. In 1997 eighty six percent of women qualified from A Level or above were economically active whereas fifty two percent of those with no formal qualifications were inactive. On the other hand both full and part time roles primarily fall within the clerical, secretarial, service and sales areas of the employment sphere as a total out of this collective group over sixty percent of the workforce were women. For the same exercise with the male workforce related to roles such as managers, administrators, craft, plant and machine operators, the statistics accounted for sixty percent of the male working population reinforcing the gender prejudice. Although there will always be a gender differential b etween traditional industries such as construction, manufacturing, education and public health despite drives to change these dynamics, it is worth noting the most recent study in 2006 states that women’s employment has increased seventy percent since 1975, yet in contrast fifty seven percent of women use either part time, flexible working time or home working in order to meet family commitments as well as complete the economic requirements of a day job supporting the theory that gender segregation leads to lower status and increased insecurity for women. Discrimination with the workplace would appear to be subtle and careful. By definition organizational segregation is the separation of the two genders within the workplace environment. However within this concept there are two styles to be considered. Horizontal segregation, where the workforce is primarily one specific gender, for example, within the construction industry men make up ninety percent of the entire workforce as detailed on the labour force survey for 2006 October to December, this can be attributed to the strong male social values within the industry. In comparison the same survey shows public admin, education and health is primarily a female sector role with women accounting for seventy percent of the total. However what are not evident are the levels employed by women and how the senior managers are gender split. Alternatively, there is also vertical segregation, where the opportunity for career progression is tapered to a particular gender. The implication with vertical segregation is that women would be affected given that it is women who are less likely to fulfil roles within management or senior executive posts. Liff ((1995) p476) suggests that the reason women fail to make the career progression which causes vertical segregation can be found in the division of labour within social confines. A manager is expected to work long hours and within this principle lays the issue, as British women whether working or not are still expected to carry out the same level of domestic duties for the family resulting in the inability to work late often which is suggested makes women unsuitable for progression to management and senior executive levels therefore reducing them to flexible part time roles with low pay and less security than management positions. Within the two types of segregation the workforce is split further, two sections primary and secondary, otherwise termed dual labour markets. The primary labour market is attributed to high pay, excellent working conditions, favourable promotional prospects and job security, secondary sector workers are disposable and easily replaced and transferring between the two markets is difficult either within the same or different organisations. Rose (2004), states that women are the primary of the two genders to appear in the secondary category, due to their low status in society and tendency to not belong to a trade union. However in contrast to the dual labour theory there are limitations not considered, workers within the textile industry where the job roles are similar whether primary or secondary still see a pay discrimination due to gender, the theory also fails to take into account the moving social scales of today’s society which sees many women in primary roles but in areas w here women see a high percentage of employment, for example, public health care and education. The 2006 EOC study for 2005 illustrates within the high paid jobs category, the gender gaps on four areas have a close to equal split however the other six areas show large discrepancies suggesting primarily male management. What is difficult to ascertain from the research on the areas of wide discrepancy gender split are the number of women who have chosen to work within limited roles with limited responsibilities due to family commitments verses the number of women forced into these roles because of the male constructed value system dictating they are inferior to the role of management. From the 1970s work ethics changed to reflect an increasingly flexible work pattern. Consumer society expected faster and quicker trends to be available to them resulting in the change of work ethic hence seen. The 1970’s saw a requirement for flexible low income workers to manage the production lines based on the changes from Fordism production. The reserve army of labour would become ideally suited for this and naturally this comprised of women. Loveridge and Mok (1996 cited in Mullins p165) confirm that women encompass an ‘out-group’ which makes the basis of an industrial reserve pool providing additional labour when required by society. However there is the suggestion that in the 1970s this was not a forced choice for women but one entered into willingly, although the family remained the primary concern there was also increasing financial pressures as social movements changed. Hakim (1998) supports this and suggests that there are three types of women who choose their preferences about home and work. There is a home centred attitude which prefers a home life to a work environment, a work centred view which for some are childless but have a strong commitment to their work and finally the adaptive who want a little of both but do not want to commit to a career. Hakim also suggested that with regards to a woman’s qualification there was a correlation between them marrying men with a higher qualification than their own thus leading to the assumption that they would rely on this as a primary income therefore resulting in family becoming the primary focus. This would indicate that it is not viable to apply the same theory to all women as there are differing personal choices within these statistics which can not be quantified. In contrast to Hakim, Crompton et al (1999) argue that it is the structure of the labour market which moulds the individuals career, suggesting men will turn to traditional male jobs whilst women will opt for traditional female roles reinforcing male roles as aggressive and physical whilst female roles are caring and nurturing, strengthening the structures that produce the gender differences which in turn make it difficult for those within the confines to pursue a career not stereotypically for their own gender. Thus, supporting the suggestion that women continue to be subjected to discrimination, which provides them with disadvantages within the employment relationship including, lower pay, lower status and power and greater insecurity. Employment relationships have undoubtly changed over recent years along with social belief systems and the relationship between the two is intensely fused. There is no denying that women have more freedom within the workplace in today’s society, although there are still constraints to this freedom it is progress none the less. However it would appear these freedoms come with painful choices to be made; in the cold light of day reality will push to suggest it is not possible to have it all. Women with children will require a degree of flexibility in order to enjoy their families, however this does not have to mean choosing lower status, part time, insecure employment at the expense of high profile full time management roles however the support needed from colleagues and family is greater than those who do chose to not work full time, although the balance is possible to obtain. It has taken nearly three decades to make the small improvements seen since the 1970s, if this is followed through to the natural conclusion those with the power now can influence others performing up the ranks within the labour market and as such in another thirty years there should be considerable improvements on where we are today. Attitudes and beliefs take time to change and as it would appear to be the social constraints of attitude that find us in a gender segregation of the workforce it stands to reason that these differences will lessen as attitudes change. There is always the risk that as we see poor political decisions made affecting social policy there will be a reversal of attitudes. However with the economy balancing precariously it is necessary in many cases for both men and women to work full time and aspire to be the best of their field and maximise their potential in order to provide for themselves and their families providing a stable economic background. With regards the claim that occupational segregation leads to lower pay there is some truth to this – what is difficult to assess is the level those are accepted by women and the level they are forced. It is not quantified how many women within the workforce challenged their wage to be equal to that of men. Although lower status compared to male counterparts is at present unfortunate as social policies change and those women there now cascade down to others there is the opportunity to improve these rates and become level within the management and decision making roles. Increased insecurity is difficult to define as by its nature it implies that the insecurity is becoming worse. However in order to understand this it is necessary to understand how the workforce feels about this. The assumption that women’s roles are secondary to that of their husbands would indicate there is no insecurity as his salary would form the main income. However this does not take into account w omen who are the sole breadwinner and in some cases have a family to bring up. Where it could be argued that the inequality in pay and status is in fact advantageous as should cut backs be necessary the lower incomes will survive over the higher levels which make a bigger financial impact on the profit and loss accounts. In general it would appear there remains discrimination and prejudice towards women in the labour market which manifests through lower salaries and status however progress has been made and will continue to be made in order to abolish these unjust differences. There is a requirement needed to understand the assumptions on gender differences by senior managers of today. When designing policy it is becoming ever more important to offer individualism and flexibility as opposed to static terms and conditions. By understanding the diversity within the workforce there will derive an understanding of how to motive the team and therefore produce exceptional results which of course is the aim of all good Chief Executives. 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